Hydrolysing Amide

HYDROLYSING AMIDES

This page describes the hydrolysis of amides under both acidic and alkaline conditions. It also describes the use of alkaline hydrolysis in testing for amides.

The hydrolysis of amides

What is hydrolysis?

Technically, hydrolysis is a reaction with water. That is exactly what happens when amides are hydrolysed in the presence of dilute acids such as dilute hydrochloric acid. The acid acts as a catalyst for the reaction between the amide and water.

The alkaline hydrolysis of amides actually involves reaction with hydroxide ions, but the result is similar enough that it is still classed as hydrolysis.

Hydrolysis under acidic conditions

Taking ethanamide as a typical amide:

If ethanamide is heated with a dilute acid (such as dilute hydrochloric acid), ethanoic acid is formed together with ammonium ions. So, if you were using hydrochloric acid, the final solution would contain ammonium chloride and ethanoic acid.

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Note:  You might argue that because the hydrochloric acid is changed during the reaction, it isn't acting as a catalyst. In fact, it is doing two things. It is acting as a catalyst in a reaction between the amide and water which would produce ammonium ethanoate (containing ammonium ions and ethanoate ions). It is secondly reacting with those ethanoate ions to make ethanoic acid.

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Hydrolysis under alkaline conditions

Again, taking ethanamide as a typical amide:

If ethanamide is heated with sodium hydroxide solution, ammonia gas is given off and you are left with a solution containing sodium ethanoate.

Using alkaline hydrolysis to test for an amide

If you add sodium hydroxide solution to an unknown organic compound, and it gives off ammonia on heating (but not immediately in the cold), then it is an amide.

You can recognise the ammonia by smell and because it turns red litmus paper blue.

The possible confusion using this test is with ammonium salts. Ammonium salts also produce ammonia with sodium hydroxide solution, but in this case there is always enough ammonia produced in the cold for the smell to be immediately obvious.

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Note:  This test is OK for UK A level purposes, but there are other things which also give off ammonia on heating with sodium hydroxide solution - for example, nitriles (but you won't come across them in a practical situation at this level) and imides (but they are beyond the scope of courses at this level).

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OTHER REACTIONS OF AMIDES

This page explains the reason for the lack of basic character in amides, and describes their dehydration to give nitriles, and their reaction with bromine and sodium hydroxide solution to form primary amines with one less carbon atom (the Hofmann degradation).

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Note:  The hydrolysis of amides is described on a separate page.

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The lack of base character in amides

Unusually for compounds containing the -NH₂ group, amides are neutral. This section explains why -NH₂ groups are usually basic and why amides are different.

The usual basic character of the -NH₂ group

Simple compounds containing an -NH₂ group such as ammonia, NH₃, or a primary amine like methylamine, CH₃NH₂, are weak bases. A primary amine is a compound where the -NH₂ group is attached to a hydrocarbon group.

The active lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom in ammonia can combine with a hydrogen ion (a proton) from some other source - in other words it acts as a base.

With a compound like methylamine, all that has happened is that one of the hydrogen atoms attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a methyl group. It doesn't make a huge amount of difference to the lone pair and so ammonia and methylamine behave similarly.

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Note:  The reasons that these are bases and the differences between them (because there are slight differences) are explored in some detail on a page about organic bases. It would be useful to read this page before you go on because it is relevant to what is coming next.

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For example, if you dissolve these compounds in water, the nitrogen lone pair takes a hydrogen ion from a water molecule - and equilibria like these are set up:

Notice that the reactions are reversible. In both cases the positions of equilibrium lie well to the left. These compounds are weak bases because they don't hang on to the incoming hydrogen ion very well.

Both ammonia and the amines are alkaline in solution because of the presence of the hydroxide ions, and both of them turn red litmus blue.

Why doesn't something similar happen with amides?

Amides are neutral to litmus and have virtually no basic character at all - despite having the -NH₂ group. Their tendency to attract hydrogen ions is so slight that it can be ignored for most purposes.

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Note:  If you haven't already done so, follow the link mentioned above to the page about organic bases, and read the bit about phenylamine. It is directly relevant to what's next.

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We need to look at the bonding in the -CONH₂ group.

Like any other double bond, a carbon-oxygen double bond is made up of two different parts. One electron pair is found on the line between the two nuclei - this is known as a sigma bond. The other electron pair is found above and below the plane of the molecule in a pi bond.

A pi bond is made by sideways overlap between p orbitals on the carbon and the oxygen.

In an amide, the lone pair on the nitrogen atom ends up almost parallel to these p orbitals, and overlaps with them as they form the pi bond.

The result of this is that the nitrogen lone pair becomes delocalised - in other words it is no longer found located on the nitrogen atom, but the electrons from it are spread out over the whole of that part of the molecule.

This has two effects which prevent the lone pair accepting hydrogen ions and acting as a base:

• Because the lone pair is no longer located on a single atom as an intensely negative region of space, it isn't anything like as attractive for a nearby hydrogen ion.
• Delocalisation makes molecules more stable. For the nitrogen to reclaim its lone pair and join to a hydrogen ion, the delocalisation would have to be broken, and that will cost energy.

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Note:  If you want to look in more detail at the bonding in the carbon-oxygen double bond, you could follow this link.

If you do choose to follow this link, it will probably take you to several other pages before you are ready to come back here again. Use the BACK button (or HISTORY file or GO menu) on your browser to return to this page later.

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The dehydration of amides

Amides are dehydrated by heating a solid mixture of the amide and phosphorus(V) oxide, P₄O₁₀.

Water is removed from the amide group to leave a nitrile group, -CN. The liquid nitrile is collected by simple distillation.

For example, with ethanamide, you will get ethanenitrile.

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Note:  This is a just a flow scheme rather than a proper equation. I haven't been able to find a single example of the use of the full equation for this reaction. In fact the phosphorus(V) oxide reacts with the water to produce mixtures of phosphorus-containing acids.

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The Hofmann Degradation

The Hofmann degradation is a reaction between an amide and a mixture of bromine and sodium hydroxide solution. Heat is needed.

The net effect of the reaction is a loss of the -CO- part of the amide group. You get a primary amine with one less carbon atom than the original amide had.

The general case would be (as a flow scheme):

If you started with ethanamide, you would get methylamine. The full equation for the reaction is:

The Hofmann degradation is used as a way of cutting a single carbon atom out of a chain.

Posted by : VEBRIA ARDINA (RSA1C110020)

Hydronium

Is water an acid or a base according to the arrhenius theory?

water can be both an acid and a base.
H₂O + H⁺ = H₃O⁺
H₂O + HCO₃^-= H₂CO₃ +OH^-

Why water is called an amphoteric substance?

According to Bronsted concept

Water can act as an acid by losing a proton as
H₂O-------->OH^- + H⁺
Water can act as a base by gaining a proton as
H₂O+ H⁺---------------->H₃O⁺

Why/How is Hydronium (H3O) positively charged?

H₂O + H⁺ --> H₃O⁺

I see that due to the conversation of charge, both sides should have a net charge of +1, but I don't see how is the hydronium positively charged.

The H⁺ has a dative covalent bond with the H₂O so hydrogen's s-orbital should be complete, hence the charge should be zero.

Is this due to the electronegativity of the H₂O molecule?

I will appreciate it if you could explain to me what I am missing here

well H20 has a charge of 0

Two H's give you a +2 Charge and then you have one O (oxide has a charge of -2) therefore H₂0 has a zero charge

your adding something that has a charge of 0 to something that has a charge of 1(H)

thats why the result is H₃O⁺

Hydronium

In chemistry, a hydronium ion is the cation H₃O⁺, a type of oxonium ion produced by protonation of water and isoelectronic with ammonia. This cation is often used to represent the nature of the proton in aqueous solution, where the proton is highly solvated (bound to a solvent). The reality is far more complicated, and a proton is bound to several molecules of water, such that other descriptions such as H₅O₂⁺, H₇O₃⁺ and H₉O₄⁺ are increasingly accurate descriptions of the environment of a proton in water.^[3] The ion H₃O⁺ has been detected in the gas phase.

Determination of pH

It is the presence of hydronium ion relative to hydroxide that determines a solution's pH. Water molecules auto-dissociate into hydronium and hydroxide ions in the following equilibrium:

2 H₂O OH⁻ + H₃O⁺

In pure water, there is an equal number of hydroxide and hydronium ions. At 25 °C and atmospheric pressure their concentrations are approximately equal to 1.0 × 10⁻⁷ mol∙dm⁻³. For these conditions, [H₃O⁺] = 10^−pH so pH = 7 is defined as neutral. A pH value less than 7 indicates an acidic solution, and a pH value more than 7 indicates a basic solution. Note that [H₃O⁺]×[OH⁻], the ionic product of water, strongly increases with temperature so [H₃O⁺] is not equal to 10^−pH for temperatures other than 25 °C.

Structure

Since O⁺ and N have the same number of electrons, H₃O⁺ is isoelectronic with ammonia. As shown in the images above, H₃O⁺ has a trigonal pyramid geometry with the oxygen atom at its apex. The H-O-H bond angle is approximately 113°,^[6] and the center of mass is very close to the oxygen atom. Because the base of the pyramid is made up of three identical hydrogen atoms, the H₃O⁺ molecule's symmetric top configuration is such that it belongs to the C_3v point group. Because of this symmetry and the fact that it has a dipole moment, the rotational selection rules are ΔJ = ±1 and ΔK = 0. The transition dipole lies along the c axis and, because the negative charge is localized near the oxygen atom, the dipole moment points to the apex, perpendicular to the base plane.

Acids and acidity

Hydronium is the cation that forms from water in the presence of hydrogen ions. These hydrons do not exist in a free state: they are extremely reactive and are solvated by water. An acidic solute is generally the source of these hydrons; however, hydroniums exist even in pure water. This special case of water reacting with water to produce hydronium (and hydroxide) ions is commonly known as the self-ionization of water. The resulting hydronium ions are few and short-lived. pH is a measure of the relative activity of hydronium and hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions. In acidic solutions, hydronium is the more active, its excess proton being readily available for reaction with basic species.

Hydronium is very acidic: at 25 °C, its pKa is -1.74. It is also the most acidic species that can exist in water (assuming sufficient water for dissolution)(see leveling effect): any stronger acid will ionize and protonate a water molecule to form hydronium. The acidity of hydronium is the implicit standard used to judge the strength of an acid in water: strong acids must be better proton donors than hydronium, otherwise a significant portion of acid will exist in a non-ionized state. Unlike hydronium in neutral solutions that result from water's autodissociation, hydronium ions in acidic solutions are long-lasting and concentrated, in proportion to the strength of the dissolved acid.

pH was originally conceived to be a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration of aqueous solution.^[7] We now know that virtually all such free protons quickly react with water to form hydronium; acidity of an aqueous solution is therefore more accurately characterized by its hydronium concentration. In organic syntheses, such as acid catalyzed reactions, the hydronium ion (H₃O⁺) can be used interchangeably with the H⁺ ion; choosing one over the other has no significant effect on the mechanism of reaction.

Solvation

Researchers have yet to fully characterize the solvation of hydronium ion in water, in part because many different meanings of solvation exist. A freezing-point depression study determined that the mean hydration ion in cold water is approximately H₃O⁺(H₂O)₆:^[8] on average, each hydronium ion is solvated by 6 water molecules which are unable to solvate other solute molecules.

Some hydration structures are quite large: the H₃O⁺(H₂O)₂₀ magic ion number structure (called magic because of its increased stability with respect to hydration structures involving a comparable number of water molecules) might place the hydronium inside a dodecahedral cage.^[9] However, more recent ab initio method molecular dynamics simulations have shown that, on average, the hydrated proton resides on the surface of the H₃O⁺(H₂O)₂₀ cluster.^[10] Further, several disparate features of these simulations agree with their experimental counterparts suggesting an alternative interpretation of the experimental results.

picture

Zundel cation

Two other well-known structures are the Zundel cations and Eigen cations. The Eigen solvation structure has the hydronium ion at the center of an H₉O+4 complex in which the hydronium is strongly hydrogen-bonded to three neighbouring water molecules. In the Zundel H₅O+ complex the proton is shared equally by two water molecules in a symmetric hydrogen bond. Recent work indicates that both of these complexes represent ideal structures in a more general hydrogen bond network defect.

Isolation of the hydronium ion monomer in liquid phase was achieved in a nonaqueous, low nucleophilicity superacid solution (HF-SbF₅SO₂). The ion was characterized by high resolution O-17 nuclear magnetic resonance.

A 2007 calculation of the enthalpies and free energies of the various hydrogen bonds around the hydronium cation in liquid protonated water at room temperature and a study of the proton hopping mechanism using molecular dynamics showed that the hydrogen-bonds around the hydronium ion (formed with the three water ligands in the first solvation shell of the hydronium) are quite strong compared to those of bulk water.

A new model was proposed by Stoyanov based on infrared spectroscopy in which the proton exists as an H₁₃O+6 ion. The positive charge is thus delocalized over six water molecules.

Solid hydronium salts

For many strong acids, it is possible to form crystals of their hydronium salt that are relatively stable. Sometimes these salts are called acid monohydrates. As a rule, any acid with an ionization constant of 10⁹ or higher may do this. Acids whose ionization constant is below 10⁹ generally cannot form stable H₃O⁺ salts. For example, hydrochloric acid has an ionization constant of 10⁷, and mixtures with water at all proportions are liquid at room temperature. However, perchloric acid has an ionization constant of 10¹⁰, and if liquid anhydrous perchloric acid and water are combined in a 1:1 molar ratio, solid hydronium perchlorate forms.

The hydronium ion also forms stable compounds with the carborane superacid H(CB₁₁H(CH₃)₅B₆). X-ray crystallography shows a C_3v symmetry for the hydronium ion with each proton interacting with a bromine atom each from three carborane anions 320 pm apart on average. The [H₃O][H(CB₁₁HCl)]11 salt is also soluble in benzene. In crystals grown from a benzene solution the solvent co-crystallizes and a H₃O·(benzene)₃ cation is completely separated from the anion. In the cation three benzene molecules surround hydronium forming pi-cation interactions with the hydrogen atoms. The closest (non-bonding) approach of the anion at chlorine to the cation at oxygen is 348 pm.

There are also many examples of hydrated hydronium ions known, such as the H₅O+2 ion in HCl·2H₂O, the H₇O+3 and H₉O+4 ions both found in HBr·4H₂O.

 

Pulau Pandan

                Nggak salah lagi ustadz bilang “Menjalin silaturahmi memperpanjang umur”  and menurut gue nggak Cuma itu, menjalin silaturahmi juga memperbanyak rizki. Gimana nggak? Tiap gue jalan ke rumah temen- temen or sodara gue, gue selalu dapat rejeki.

                Contohnya aja kemaren waktu gue jalan ke rumah temen gue yang di Pulau Pandan (jauh banget di pulau lain.hahaha............). Awalnya sih gue mikir- mikir dulu sebelum jalan. Gue tu mikir kesananya gimana? Gue nggak punya motor, nggak punya tebengan and gue juga nggak punya ojek pribadi (Pacar). Tiga hari tiga malam gue nyari tau tentang Desa tujuan gue ini, gue mau browsing ama Mbah Google tapi nggak ketemu hasil yang gue cari, akhirnya Gue nanya Nyokap. Alhasil gue dapet info yang gue cari tentang “Pulau Pandan”.

                Gue cerita dulu ya apersepsi gue tentang “Pulau pandan”!!! Gue mendefenisikannya “Pulau Pandan” terdiri dari dua kata “Pulau” yang berarti daratan yang berada di tengah- tengah laut (Emang di Kerinci ada laut? -_-“) and “Pandan” setau gue sih pandan tu daun yang bentuknya panjang yang di pake nyokap untuk masak kolak kalo puasa. Nah kalo digabungin arti “Pulau Pandan” jadi “Daun di tengah daratan” nggak nyambung banget kan??? Tapi setelah denger penjelasan dari Nyokap gue baru tau ternyata Pulau pandan itu nama sebuah Desa Yang terletak di Kecamatan Danau Kerinci.

                Setelah tau letak Desa “Pulau Pandan” Keesokan harinya Gue langsung bergegas pergi ke desa tersebut bareng temen Gue. Sepanjang perjalanan Gue ngebayangin di Desa itu banyak pandan. Nggak terasa 20 menit udah kami lalui, Kami mulai merasakan udara sejuk, kami menelusuri jalan yang berliku. Sebelah kiri kami dimanjakan dengan pemandangan indah tebing yang dihiasi pepohonan yang rindang dan rumah- rumah penduduk yang masih tradisional. Ya nggak salah lagi kami udah nyampe danau Kerinci. Kata temen gue sekitar satu kilo lagi kami akan sampai di desa Pulau Pandan.

                Dengan nggak mengurangi rasa penasaran gue, gue masih antusias banget ama desa Pulau pandan. Dari kejauhan udah nampak gardu dengan tulisan “selamat datang desa Pulau Pandan” rasa penasaran gue berkurang dan berganti dengan perasaan senang karena udah sampai di tempat yang gue tuju. Ternyata desa Pulau pandan jauh dari yang gue bayangin. Gue nggak ketemu satu tanaman pandanpun. Untuk menjawab rasa penasaran gue, sesampainya kami di rumah temen gue. Dengan polosnya gue nanya “Tadi gue baca di gardu kalo ini desa Pulau pandan, tapi gue nggak ketemu satupun tanaman pandan!!!” seraya melontarkan senyumannya teman gue jawab “Dulu daerah sini banyak tanaman pandan, tapi karena faktor pertambahan penduduk and kebutuhan akan lahan tempat tinggal, tempat yang dulunya penuh tanaman pandan di alihfungsikan jadi pemukiman”.

                Rasa penasaran gue pun terjawab. Gue seneng banget ama perjalanan gue kali ini. Walaupun nggak ada karpet merah yang terbentang untuk nyambut kedatangan gue, tapi keramahan keluarga temen gue ini udah jauh lebih terhormat dari pada karpet merah.

                Puas bercerita sampe nggak terasa udah siang (pantesan perut udahmiscoll dari tadi). Kami berpamitan pulang. And nggak di sangka gue di kasih Duit, semulanya gue nolak (malu-malu meong) padahal gue juga buttuh banget tu duit coz gue nggak bawa duit sepersenpun. Tapi yang namanya dikasih ya gue nggak nolak, Lumayan untuk makan siang.

                Kami melanjutkan perjalanan mengitari Danau Kerinci. Kami masuk ke dermaga dengan modal pas-pasan memelas sama orang pariwisata supaya dapat diskon karcis masuk. Alhasil kami berhasil masuk dengan potongan (save 50 %). Puas menikmati pemandangan and foto-foto kami pulang. Dari kejauhan penjaga dermaga memanggil kami dan kamipun menghampirinya. Mimpi apa gue semalam??? Penjaga dermaga balikin duit yang udah kami bayar untuk tiket masuk dermaga. Emang bener kata ustadz “Silaturahmi memperpanjang umur, memperluas rizki and nambah pengalaman”

Ini foto- foto Gue

A letter for My Mom

            Untukmu Ibu

            Di hari Ibu ini 22 Desember 2011 Ku ingin melihat Ibu senyum saat Ibu mulai membuka suratku dan mulai membaca suratku ini. Ibu apa kabarmu di sana? Ananda di sini baik- baik saja, Ananda hanya ingin menyampaikan permintaan maaf kepada Ibu karena hanya surat inilah yang bisa Ananda kirimkan sebagai pengganti kita untuk bertatap muka.

            Ananda minta maaf saat Ibu terbaring lemah di Rumah Sakit, Ananda tak bisa mendampingi Ibu, Ananda tak bisa memegang tangan Ibu setiap kali Ibu merintih menahan sakit itu, Ananda tak bisa melayani Ibu, Ananda tak bisa memberikan perlindungan kepada Ibu. Ananda minta maaf, Ananda tak bisa membalas semua kasih sayang Ibu, Ananda belum bisa mengurus Ibu seperti Ibu mengurus Ananda.

            Bukannya Ananda tidak peduli, sebenarnya hati ananda teriris tak kuasa membayangkan rasa sakit itu, diri ini berselimutkan sedih dan berpakaian duka, bola- bola bening itu mengalir dari sudut mata ananda saat mendengar berita Ibu terbaring sakit. Andai rasa sakit itu bisa di bagi, maka ananda akan mengambil semua rasa sakit Ibu. Ananda rela menanggung semua rasa sakit ibu, Ananda ingin melindungi Ibu seperti Ibu melindungi ananda dulu, ananda ingin mengurus Ibu seperti Ibu mengurus ananda dulu. Ananda ingin mencurahkan semua kasih sayang ananda kepada Ibu.

            Maaf ananda belum bisa berbuat banyak untuk Ibu, ananda hanya bisa duduk bersimpuh seraya menadahkan tangan dan memanjatkan doa kepada Yang Maha Agung untuk kesembuhan Ibu. Ini hanya masalah waktu Bu, ananda akan segera berada di samping Ibu jika sudah waktunya. Ananda merindukan Ibu.

Ananda sangat merindukan Ibu, Ananda rindu setiap pagi saat membuka mata, ananda bisa mendengar suara Ibu “Nak shalat shubuh”. Ananda rindu saat setiap kali ananda pamit dan mencium tangan ibu, dan ibu berkata “Nak hati- hati di jalan!” Ananda rindu saat Ibu menelpon “Nak dimana sekarang? Udah sore!” Ananda rindu saat ibu bertanya dan meminta “Nak mau makan apa kita malam ini?” “Nak bantu Ibu masak!” Ananda rindu semua suasana seperti itu Bu.

            Sudah hampir dua tahun Ananda menjalani hari tanpa suasana seperti itu Bu. Awalnya terasa begitu sulit menjalani semuanya tanpa Ibu, tapi alhamdulillah semuanya menjadi terbiasa karena doa dan kepercayaan Ibu bahwa ananda bisa, ananda mampu. Ananda selalu terbangun saat adzan shubuh berkumandang, Ananda terbiasa berangkat kuliah tanpa mencium tangan Ibu, tapi ananda yakin, doa Ibu selalu menyertai setiap langkah kaki ananda. Ananda tau rasa cinta Ibu ada di setiap hembusan nafas Ananda. 

           

My Wordwise

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• For true success ask yourself these four questions: Why? Why not? Why not me? Why not now? James Allen
• Fortune favours the brave. Publius Terence
• Freedom is that instant between when someone tells you to do something and when decide how to respond. Jeffery Borenstein
• Friends are treasures. Horace Bruns
• Go confidently in the direction of your dreams. Live the life you’ve imagined. Henry David Thoreau
• Great spirits have always encountered violen to pposition from mediocre minds. Albert Einstein
• He is able who thinks he is able. Buddh
• aHe who angers you conquers you. Elizabeth Kenny
• He who controls others may be powerful, but he who has mastered himself is mightier still. Lao-Tzu
• He who dies with the most toys is, nonetheless, still dead. Unknown
• He who knows others is wise. He who knows himself is enlightened. Anonymous
• Here is the test to find whether your mission on Earth is finished: if you’re alive, it isn’t. Richard Bach
• High achievement always takes place in the framework of high expectation. Jack Kinder
• Hold fast to dreams, for if dreams die, life is a broken bid that cannot fly. Langston Hughes
• I challenge you to make your life a masterpiece. I challenge you to join the ranks of those people who live what they teach, who walk their talk. Anthony Robbins
• I have never heard anything about the resolutions of the apostles, but a good deal about their acts. Horace Mann
• I hear and I forget, I see and I remember. I do and I understand. Chinese Proverb
• I know of no more encouraging fact than the unquestionable ability of man to elevate his life by conscious endeavor. Henry David Thoreau
• I learned that it is the weak who are cruel, and that gentleness is to be expected only from the strong. Leo Rosten
• If a man does only what is required of him, he is a slave. If a man does more than is required of him, he is a free man. Chinese Proverb
• If being an egomaniac means I believe in what I do and in my art or music, then in that respect you can call me that … I believe in what I do, and I’ll say it. John Lennon
• If we do what is necessary, all the odds are in our favor. Henry Kissinger
• If you always put limits on everything you do, physical or anything else. It will spread into your work and into your life. There are no limits. There are only plateaus, and you must not stay there, you must go beyond them. Bruce Lee
• If you believe in what you are doing, then let nothing hold you up in your work. Much of the best work of the world has been done against seeming impossibilities. Dale Carnegie
• If you deliberately plan on being less than you are capable of being, then I warn you that you’ll be unhappy for the rest of your life. Abraham H. Maslow
• If you don’t like something, change it. If you can’t change it, change your attitude. Don’t complain. Maya Angelou
• If you don’t risk anything, then you risk even more. Erica Jong
• If you find it in your heart to care for somebody else, you will have succeeded. Maya Angelou
• If you love something, let it go. If it comes back it’s yours. If it doesn’t, it never really was in the first place. Unknown
• If you want rainbows, you have to put up with the rain. Dolly Parton
• Imagination is more important than knowledge. Knowledge is limited. Imagination encircles the world. Albert Einstein
• Impossible is a word to be found only in the dictionary of fools. Napoleon Bonaparte
• In three words I can sum up everything I’ve learned about life: it goes on. Robert Frost
• Issue a blanket pardon. Forgive everyone who has ever hurt you in any way. Forgiveness is a perfectly selfish act. It sets you free from the past. Brian Tracy
• It is a man’s own mind, not his enemy or foe, that lures him to evil ways. Buddha
• It is better to be hated for what you are than to be loved for what you are not. Andre Gide
• It is better to debate a question without settling it than to settle a question without debating it. Jeseph Joubert
• It is good to have an end to journey toward, but it is the journey that matters in the end. Ursula K. LeGuin
• It is hard to fail, but it is worse never to have tried to succeed. Theodore Roosevelt
• It is not because things are difficult that we do not dare, it is because we do not dare that they are difficult. Seneca
• It is not enough to have a good mind; the main thing is to use it well. Rene Descartes
• It is not for him to pride himself who loveth his own country, but rather for him who loveth the whole world. The earth is but one country and mankind its citizens. Baha’u'llah
• It is not length of life, but depth of life. Ralph Waldo Emerson
• It is one of the most beautiful compensations of life, that no man can sincerely try to help another without helping himself. Ralph Waldo Emerson
• It is only with the heart that one can see rightly; what is essential is invisible to the eye. Antoine De Saint-Exupery
• It takes a great man to be a good listener. Calvin Coolidge
• It was a high counsel that I once heard given to a young person, “Always do what you are afraid to do. Ralph Waldo Emerson
• It was when I found out I could make mistakes that I knew I was on to something. Ornette Coleman
• It’s not who you are that holds you back, it’s who you think you’re not. Unknown
• It’s always too early to quit. Norman Vincent Pearle
• It’s not the situation … It’s your reaction to the situation Robert Conklin
• I’ve come to believe that all my past failure and frustrations were actually laying the foundation for the understandings that have created the new level of living I now enjoy. Anthony Robbins
• Just when you think that a person is just a backdrop for the rest of the universe, watch them and see that they laugh, they cry, they tell jokes … they’re just friends waiting to be made. Jeffery Borenstein
• Keep away from people who try to belittle your ambitions. Small people always do that, but the really great make you feel that you, too, can become great. Mark Twain
• Know the true value of time; snatch, seize, and enjoy every moment of it. No idleness, no delay, no procrastination; never put off till tomorrow what you can do today. Earl of Chesterfield
• Knowing is not enough; we must apply. Willing is not enough; we must do. Goethe
• Knowledge is power. Francis Bacon
• Learn from yesterday, live for today, hope for tomorrow. The important thing is to not stop questioning. Albert Einstein
• Learn to enjoy every minute of your life. Be happy now. Don’t wait for something outside of yourself to make you happy in the future. Think how really precious is the time you have to spend, whether it’s at work or with your family. Every minute should be enjoyed and savoured. Earl Nightingale
• Let others lead small lives, but not you. Let others argue over small things, but not you. Let others cry over small hurts, but not you. Let others leave their future in someone else’s hands, but not you. Jim Rohn
• Let us not be content to wait and see what will happen, but give us the determination to make the right things happen. Peter Marshall
• Liberty means responsibility. That is why most mendread it. George Bernard Shaw
• Life at any time can become difficult: life at any time can become easy. It all depends upon how one adjusts oneself to life. Morarji Desai
• Listen or thy tongue will keep thee deaf. American Indian Proverb
• Live as if your were to die tomorrow. Learn as if you were to live forever. Gandhi
• Live free or die. New HampshireLive out of your imagination, not your history. Stephen Covey
• Look at a day when you are supremely satisfied at the end. It’s not a day when you lounge around doing nothing, it’s when you’ve had everything to do and you’ve done it. Margaret Thatcher
• Look at everything as though you were seeing it for the first time or the last time. Then your time on earth will be filled with glory. Betty Smith
• Looking back, I have this to regret, that too oftenwhen I loved, I did not say so. David Grayson
• Man cannot discover new oceans unless he has the courage to lose sight of the shore. Andre Gide
• Man’s mind, once stretched by a new idea, never regains its original dimensions. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr
• May you live every day of your life. Jonathan Swift
• Men are born to succeed, not to fail. Henry David Thoreau
• Minds are like parachutes; they work best when open. Lord Thomas Dewar
• Never be bullied into silence. Never allow yourself to be made a victim. Accept no one’s definition of your life; define yourself. Harvey Fierstein
• Never look down on anybody unless you helping him up. Jesse Jackson
• No matter how hard the past, you can always begin again. Buddha
• No one can make you feel inferior without your consent. Eleanor Roosevelt
• No steam or gas ever drives anything until it is confined. No Niagara is ever turned into light and power until it is tunneled. No life ever grows until it is focused, dedicated, disciplined. Harry Emerson Fosdick
• Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm. Ralph Waldo Emerson
• Nothing is so strong as gentleness and nothing is so gentle as real strength. Ralph W. Sockman
• Nurture your mind with great thoughts. Benjamin Disraeli
• One may walk over the highest mountain one step at a time. John Wanamaker
• One should not stand at the foot of a sick person’s bed, because that place is reserved for the guardian angel. Jewish Folk Saying
• One thing you can’t recycle is wasted time. Anonymous
• One’s mind, once stretched by a new idea, never regain sits original dimensions. Oliver Wendel Holmes
• Only those who will risk going too far can possibly find out how far one can go. T. S. Elliot
• Our greatest glory is not in never failing but in rising up every time we fail. Ralph Waldo Emerson
• Our strength grows out of our weakness. Ralph Waldo Emerson
• People are just as happy as they make up their minds to be. Abraham Lincoln
• People become really quite remarkable when they start thinking that they can do things. When they believe in themselves they have the first secret of success. Norman Vincent Peale
• People only see what they are prepared to see. Ralph Waldo Emerson
• People who fight fire with fire usually end up with ashes. Abigail Van Buren
• Problems are only opportunities in work clothes. Henry Kaiser
• Real riches are the riches possessed inside. B. C. Forbes
• Remember, happiness doesn’t depend upon who you are or what you have, it depends solely upon what you think. Dale Carnegie
• Self-pity gets you nowhere. One must have the adventurous daring to accept oneself as a bundle of possibilities and undertake the most interesting game in the world — making the most of one’s best. Harry Emerson Fosdick
• Shoot for the moon. Even if you miss, you’ll land among the stars. Les Brown
• Simplicity is the key to brilliance. Bruce Lee
• Somewhere, something incredible is waiting to be known. Carl Sagan
• Spoon feeding in the long run teaches us nothing but the shape of the spoon. E. M. Forster
• Success seems to be connected with action. Successful men keep moving. They make mistakes, but they don’t quit. Conrad Hilton
• Teachers open the door, but you must enter by yourself. Chinese Proverb
• Tell me who admires you and loves you, and I will tell you who you are. Charles Augustin Sainte-Beauve
• The basis of optimism is sheer terror. Oscar Wilde
• The best motivation is self-motivation. The guy says, “I wish someone would come by and turn me on.”What if they don’t show up? You’ve got to have a better plan for your life. Jim Rohn
• The better part of happiness is to wish to be what you are. Desiderius Erasmus
• The brighter you are, the more you have to learn. Don Herold
• The expert at anything was once a beginner. Hayes
• The fear of death follows from the fear of life. A man who lives fully is prepared to die at any time. Mark Twain
• The future belongs to those who believe in the beauty of their dreams. Eleanor Roosevelt
• The greater danger for most of us is not that our aim is too high and we miss it, but that it is too low and we reach it. Michelangelo
• The harder you work, the luckier you get. McAlexander
• The highest reward for man’s toil is not what he gets for it, but what he becomes by it.John Ruskin
• The important thing is not to stop questioning. Albert Einstein
• The journey is the reward. Tao Saying
• The less you open your heart to others, the more yourheart suffers. Deepak Chopra
• The Lord is my light, and my salvation; whom shall I fear? Psalm 27
• The man who trims himself to suit everybody will soon whittle himself away. Charles Schwa
• bThe measure of a man is the way he bears up under misfortune. Plutarch
• The mind is not a vessel to be filled but a fire to be kindled. Plutarch
• The most beautiful thing we can experience is the mysterious. Albert Einstein
• The most wasted day of all is that during which we have not laughed. Sebastian R. N. Chamfort
• The nearest way to glory is to strive to be what you wish to be thought to be. Socrates
• The only man who never makes mistakes is the man who never does anything. Theodore Roosevelt
• The only real mistake is the one from which we learn nothing. John Powell
• The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. Edmund Burke
• The only way of finding the limits of the possible is by going beyond them into the impossible. Abied C. Clarke
• The only way to have a friend is to be one. Ralph Waldo Emerson
• The purpose of life is a life of purpose. Robert ByrneThe question is not whether we will die, but how we will live. Joan Borysenko
• The secret of getting ahead is getting started. Mark Twain
• The secret of health for both mind and body is not to mourn for the past, not to worry about the future, nor to anticipate troubles, but to live in the present moment wisely  and earnestly. Buddha
• The whole secret of a successful life is to find out what is one’s destiny to do, and then do it. Henry Ford
• The wise man does at once what the fool does finally. Baltasar Gracian
• The words printed here are concepts. You must go through the experiences. Carl Frederick
• The world has the habit of making room for the man whose words and actions show that he knows where he is going. Napoleon Hill
• There are no accidents… there is only some purpose that we haven’t yet understood. Deepak Chopra
• There are no mistakes, no coincidences. All events are blessings given to us to learn from. Dr. Elisabeth Kubler-Ross
• There are no shortcuts to any place worth going. Unknown
• There are only two ways to live your life. One is as though nothing is a miracle. The other is as if everything is. Albert Einstein
• There are some people who live in a dream world, and there are some who face reality; and then there are those who turn one into the other. Douglas Everett
• There are those who dream and wish and there are those who dream and work. Jeune.E. McIntyre.
• There are two rules for success: 1) Never tell everything you know… Roger H. Lincoln
• There is just one life for each of us: our own. Euripides
• There is no end. There is no beginning. There is only the infinite passion of life. Federico Fellini
• There is no such thing in anyone’s life as an unimportant day. Alexander Woollcott
• There’s a basic human weakness inherent in all people which tempts them to want what they can’t have and not want what is readily available to them. Robert J. Ringer
• Thinking: The talking of the soul with itself. Plato
• Those who do not remember the past are condemned to repeat it. George Santayana
• Those who stand for nothing fall for anything. Alexander Hamilton
• Tis nobler to lose honor to save the lives of men than tis to gain honor by taking them. David Borenstein
• To accomplish great things, we must not only act, but also dream; not only plan, but also believe. Anatole France
• To be yourself in a world that is constantly trying to make you something else is the greatest accomplishment. Ralph Waldo Emerson
• To confine our attention to terrestrial matters would be to limit the human spirit. Stephen Hawking
• To hell with circumstances; I create opportunities. Bruce Lee
• To live a pure unselfish life, one must count nothing as one’s own in the midst of abundance. Buddha
• Tomorrow is a new day; you shall begin it serenely and with too high a spirit to be encumbered with your old nonsense. Ralph Waldo Emerson
• Twenty years from now you will be more disappointed by the things that you didn’t do than by the ones you did do. So throw off the bowlines. Sail away from the safe harbour. Catch the trade winds in your sails. Explore. Dream. Discover. Mark Twain
• Use what talent you possess: the woods would be very silent if no birds sang except those that sang best. Henry Van Dyke
• Victory belongs to the most persevering. Napoleon BonaparteWe are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then is not an act, but a habit. Aristotle
• We are what we think. All that we are arises with our thoughts. With our thoughts, wen make the world. Buddha
• We can try to avoid making choices by doing nothing, but even that is a decision. Gary Collins
• We must accept life for what it actually is – a challenge to our quality without which we should never know of what stuff we are made, or grow to our full stature. Ida R. Wylie
• We must use time wisely and forever realize that the time is always ripe to do right. Nelson Mendela
• We need more people who specialize in the impossible. Unknown
• We never know the worth of water ’til the well is dry. English Proverb
• What happens is not as important as how you react to what happens. Thaddeus Golas
• What lies behind us and what lies before us are tiny matters compared to what lies within us. Oliver Wendell Holmes
• What the mind of man can conceive and believe, the mind of man can achieve. Napoleon Hill
• What we can or cannot do, what we consider possible or impossible, is rarely a function of our true capability. It is more likely a function of our beliefs about who we are. Anthony Robbins
• What you are is what you have been, and what you will be is what you do now. Buddha
• What you do speaks so loudly that I cannot hear what you say. Ralph Waldo Emerson
• When an affliction happens to you, you either let it defeat you, or you defeat it… Rosalind Russell
• When I find myself fading, I close my eyes and realize my friends are my energy. Unknown
• When one door of happiness closes, another opens; but often we look so long at the closed door that we do not see the one which has opened for us. Helen Keller
• When you are content to be simply yourself and don’t compare or compete, everybody will respect you. Lao-Tzu
• When you get to the end of your rope, tie a knot and hang on. Franklin D. Roosevelt
• Whether you think you can or whether you think you can’t, you’re right! Henry Ford
• Wisdom begins in wonder. SocratesWithout a struggle, there can be no progress. Frederick Douglass
• Without change, something sleeps inside us, and seldom awakens. The sleeper must awaken. Frank Herbert
• Work as though you would live forever, and live as though you would die today. Og Mandino
• Write the bad things that are done to you in sand, but write the good things that happen to you on a piece of marble. Arabic Parable
• You and I are essentially infinite choice-makers. In every moment of our existence, we are in that field of all possibilities where we have access to an infinity of choices. Deepak Chopra
• You are never given a wish without also being given the power to make it come true. You may have to work for it, however. Richard Bach
• You can have anything you want, if you want it badly enough. You can be anything you want to be, do anything you set out to accomplish if you hold to that desire with singleness of purpose. Abraham Lincoln
• You don’t get harmony when everybody sings the same note. Doug Floyd
• You gain strength, courage and confidence by every experience in which you really stop to look fear in the face. You must do the thing that you think you cannot do. Eleanor Roosevelt
• You get the best out of others when you give the best of yourself. Harry Firestone
• You live through the darkness from what you learned in the light. Hope MacDonaldYou must be the change you wish to see in the world. Mahatma Gandhi
• You must do the things you think you cannot do. Eleanor Roosevelt
• You were born with potential. You were born with goodness and trust. You were born with ideals and dreams. You were born with greatness. You were born with wings. You are not meant for crawling, so don’t. You have wings. Learn to use them and fly. Rumi
• You will find as you look back upon your life that the moments when you have truly lived are the moments when you have done things in the spirit of love. Henry Drummond
• You will never possess what you are unwilling to pursue. Mike Murdock
• You, yourself, as much as anybody in the entire universe, deserve your love and affection. BuddhaYour life is in your hands, to make of it what you choose. John Kehoe